Conjunctions

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Conjunctions are words used as joiners.
Different kinds of conjunctions join different kinds of grammatical structures.
The following are the kinds of conjunctions:
       
A. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS)
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Coordinating conjunctions join equals to one another:
            words to words,          phrases to phrases,          clauses to clauses.
http://www.towson.edu/ows/conj1.jpg
         
Coordinating conjunctions usually form looser connections than other conjunctions do.
http://www.towson.edu/ows/conj2.jpg

Coordinating conjunctions go in between items joined, not at the beginning or end.
http://www.towson.edu/ows/conj3.jpg
       
Punctuation with coordinating conjunctions:
When a coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma should be placed before the conjunction.
            http://www.towson.edu/ows/conj4.jpg
A coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses creates a series and requires commas between the elements.
            http://www.towson.edu/ows/conj5.jpg
A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a compound sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating conjunction
           http://www.towson.edu/ows/conj6.jpg
   
        
B. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
either. . .or
both. . . and
neither. . . nor
not only. . .  but also
             
These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one.
http://www.towson.edu/ows/paral5.jpg

C. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
These conjunctions join independent clauses together.
The following are frequently used conjunctive adverbs:
after all
in addition
next

also
incidentally
nonetheless
as a result
indeed
on the contrary
besides
in fact
on the other hand
consequently
in other words
otherwise
finally
instead
still
for example
likewise
then
furthermore
meanwhile
therefore
hence
moreover
thus
however
nevertheless

http://www.towson.edu/ows/conj7.jpg
Punctuation:
Place a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after theconjunctive adverb.
     
D. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
These words are commonly used as subordinating conjunctions

after
in order (that)
unless
although
insofar as
until
as
in that
when
as far as
lest
whenever
as soon as
no matter how
where
as if
now that
wherever
as though
once
whether
because
provided (that)
while
before
since
why
even if
so that
even though
supposing (that)
how
than
if
that
inasmuch as
though
in case (that)
till
Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they make one clause dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.
http://www.towson.edu/ows/conj8.jpg
A subordinating conjunction may appear at a sentence beginning or between two clauses in a sentence.
   
A subordinate conjunction usually provides a tighter connection between clauses than a coordinating conjunctions does.
Loose:
It is raining, so we have an umbrella.
Tight:
Because it is raining, we have an umbrella.

Punctuation Note:
When the dependent clause is placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two clauses. When the independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause second, do not separate the two clauses with a comma.
http://www.towson.edu/ows/conj9.jpg




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